The specific character of code-switching in translation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2019.204Abstract
The article addresses the question of the specific character of code-switching in translation. It is proposed that such switching be viewed as the switching of linguacultural codes. The following characteristics of linguacultural switching are identified: key role in the translation process, predictability, purposefulness, predetermined conditions, cyclical nature, additional mental load, and equal functioning of both translation directions. We attempt to provide a description of the underlying mechanisms and processes of linguacultural switching. The creation of the mental image of the source text and deverbalization are two interrelated processes that operate during the reception phase and determine the effectiveness of the switching of linguacultural codes. The moment of switching involves a series of purposeful mental operations aimed at orientation in the situation, anticipation of the switch, switching attention to the target culture, and the linguistic means it uses to describe a particular fragment of reality. These operations start the processes of probabilistic forecasting and radiant thinking which lead to the actualization of translator’s linguistic and cultural experience, its retrieval from longterm memory and the associative search for linguistic means in the target language. Operations that occur during the production phase include the habit of inhibiting hasty conclusions, the processes of reductive reasoning, dynamic interlingual and intercultural comparison, and checking the target text against the mental image of the source text. These operate in parallel with the continuous functioning of working memory and mechanisms of linguacultural and operational control. A model demonstrating the process of linguacultural switching is presented.
Keywords:
code-switching, linguacultural code, activation, inhibition, cognitive control
Downloads
References
Литература
Березина 2012 — Березина Т. Н. Психические образы в структуре образной формы. Психология и психотехника. 2012, 1: 13–25.
Гаспаров 1996 — Гаспаров Б. М. Язык. Память. Образ. Лингвистика языкового существования. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 1996. 352 c.
Залевская 1999 — Залевская А. А. Введение в психолингвистику: учебник. М.: Изд-во РГГУ, 1999. 382 с.
Зимняя 1978 — Зимняя И. А. Психологические аспекты обучения говорению на иностранном языке. М.: Просвещение, 1978. 159 с.
Каде 1978 — Каде О. Проблемы перевода в свете теории коммуникации. В кн.: Вопросы теории перевода в зарубежной лингвистике. Комиссаров В. Н. (ред.). М.: Международные отношения, 1978. С. 69–91.
Латышев 1988 — Латышев Л. К. Перевод: проблемы теории, практики и методики преподавания. М.: Просвещение, 1988. 160 с.
Минский 1979 — Минский М. Фреймы для представления знаний. Перев. с англ. О. Гринбаума. М.: Энергия, 1979. 152 с.
Миньяр-Белоручев 1980 — Миньяр-Белоручев Р. К. Общая теория перевода и устный перевод. М.: Воениздат, 1980. 237 с.
Миньяр-Белоручев 1986 — Миньяр-Белоручев Р. К. О функциях переводчика. В кн.: Информационно-коммуникативные аспекты перевода. Горький: ГГПИ им. М. Горького, 1986. С. 56–61.
Миньяр-Белоручев 1999 — Миньяр-Белоручев Р. К. Как стать переводчиком? М.: Готика, 1999. 176 с.
Поршнева 2002 — Поршнева Е. Р. Базовая лингвистическая подготовка переводчика. Нижний Новгород: Изд-во ННГУ им. Н. И. Лобачевского, 2002. 148 с.
Сдобников, Петрова 2006 — Сдобников В. В., Петрова О. В. Теория перевода. М.: АСТ; Восток–Запад, 2006. 448 с.
Фейгенберг 1977 — Фейгенберг И. М. Вероятностное прогнозирование в деятельности человека. М.: Наука, 1977. 391 с.
Черничкина 2007 — Черничкина Е. К. Искусственный билингвизм: лингвистический статус и характеристики. Автореф. дис. … д. филол. наук. Волгоград: ВГПУ, 2007. 31 с.
Aitchison 1987 — Aitchison J. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Oxford: Blackwell. 1987. 326 p.
Bassnett, Lefevre 1990 — Bassnett S., Lefevre А. Translation, History and Culture. London: Printer Publishers, 1990. 169 p.
Barkley 2011 — Barkley R. A. The important role of executive functioning and self-regulation in ADHD. Child Neuropsychology. 2011, 113: 41–56.
Bialystok, Craik 2010 — Bialystok E., Craik F. I. M. Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilingual Mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010, 19 (1): 19–23.
Burteisen 2002 — Burteisen J. On trilingual lexical retrieval: problems and substitution strategies. In: Second International Conference on Third Language Acquisition and Trilingualism. Interactive CD-ROM: L3 Conference, Fryske Akademy, Niederlande, 2002.
Buzan 1993 — Buzan T. The mind map book. New York, NY: Penguin Books Ltd, 1993. 320 p.
Chein, Schneider 2012 — Chein J. M., Schneider W. Brain’s learning and control architecture. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (2): 78–84.
De Groot 2002 — De Groot A. Lexical representation and lexical processing in the L2 user. In: Portraits of the L2 user. Cook V. (ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual matters, 2002. P. 29–64.
Dreisbach, Haider 2009 — Dreisbach G., Haider H. How task representations guide attention: Further evidence for the shielding function of task sets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2009, 35: 477–486.
Dreisbach 2012 — Dreisbach G. Mechanisms of cognitive control: the functional role of task rules. Psychological Science. 2012, 21: 227–231.
Gómez Betancur, King 2014 — Gómez Betancur M. I., King G. Using mind mapping as a method to help ESL/EFL students to connect vocabulary and concepts in different contexts. TRILOGÍA. Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad. 2014, 10: 69–85.
Green 1998 — Green D. W. Mental control of the bilingual lexicosemantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 1998, 1: 67–81.
Hewson, Martin 1991 — Hewson L., Martin J. Redefining translation: the variational approach. London: Routledge, 1991. 263 p.
House 1997 — House J. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Re-visited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997. 207 p.
Jackson, Swainson, Cunnington, Jackson 2001 — Jackson G. M., Swainson R., Cunnington R., Jackson S. R. ERP correlates of executive control during repeated language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 2001, 4: 169–178.
Krashen 1982 — Krashen S. D. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982. 202 p.
Kroll, Tokowicz 2001 — Kroll J. F., Tokowicz N. The development of conceptual representation for words in a second language. In: One mind, two languages: bilingual language processing. Nicol J. (ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001. P. 49–71.
Kroll, Bobb, Misra, Gou 2008 — Kroll J., Bobb S., Misra M., Gou T. Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica. 2008, 128 (3): 416–430.
Lederer 2003 — Lederer M. Translation. The Interpretive Model. Manchester: St Jerome, 2003. 239 p.
Levelt 1993 — Levelt W. J. M. Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. In: Lexical access in speech production. Levelt W. J. M. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. P. 1–22.
Lipski 1978 — Lipski J. Bilingual code-switching and internal competence: the evidence from Spanish and English. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of applied Linguistics. University of Montreal, 1978. P. 30–40.
Munakata, Snyder, Chatham 2012 — Munakata Y., Snyder H. R., Chatham C. H. Developing Cognitive Control: Three Key Transitions. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (2): 71–77.
PACTE 2003 — PACTE Building a Translation Competence Model. In: Triangulating translation: Perspectives in Process Oriented Research. Alves F. (ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. P. 43–66.
Proverbio, Leoni, Zani 2004 — Proverbio A. M., Leoni G., Zani А. Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia. 2004, 42: 1636–1656.
Pym 2003 — Pym A. Redefining translation competence in an electronic age. In defence of a minimalist approach. Meta: Translators’ Journal. 2003, XLVII (4): 481–497.
Riehl 2005 — Riehl C. M. Code-switching in bilinguals: impacts of mental processes and language awareness. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2005. P. 1945–1959.
Rodriguez-Fornells, Rotte, Heinze et al. 2002 — Rodriguez-Fornells A., Rotte M., Heinze H. J., Nösselt T., Münte T. F. Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain. Nature. 2002, 415: 1026–1029.
Stavans, Hoffmann 2015 — Stavans A., Hoffmann C. Multilingualism. Cambridge University Press, 2015. 319 p.
Taft 1982 — Taft R. The Role and Personality of the Mediator. In: The Mediating Person: Bridges between Cultures. Bochner S. (ed.). Cambridge: Schenkman, 1981. P. 53–88.
Van Hell, Witteman 2009 — Van Hell J. G., Witteman M. J. The neurocognition of switching between languages: A review of electrophysiological studies. In: Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching. Isurin L., Winford D., de Bot K. (eds.). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2009. P. 53–84.
Verhoef, Roelofs, Chwilla 2009 — Verhoef K., Roelofs А., Chwilla D. Role of inhibition in language switching: evidence from event-related brain potentials in overt picture naming. Cognition. 2009, 110: 84–99.
References
Березина 2012 — Berezina T. N. [Mental models in the structure of metaphoric form]. Psikhologiia i psikhotekhnika. 2012, 1: 13–25. (In Russian)
Гаспаров 1996 — Gasparov B. M. Iazyk. Pamiat'. Obraz. Lingvistika iazykovogo sushchestvovaniia. [Language. Memory. Image. The linguistics of language existence]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 1996. 352 p. (In Russian)
Залевская 1999 — Zalevskaia A. A. Vvedenie v psikholingvistiku: uchebnik. [Introduction to psycholinguistics]. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities Press, 1999. 382 p. (In Russian)
Зимняя 1978 — Zimniaia I. A. Psikhologicheskie aspekty obucheniia govoreniiu na inostrannom iazyke. [Psychological aspects of teaching speaking in a foreign language]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie Publ., 1978. 159 p. (In Russian)
Каде 1978 — Kade O. Problemy perevoda v svete teorii kommunikatsii. [Problems of translation in the light of the theory of communication]. In.: Voprosy teorii perevoda v zarubezhnoi lingvistike. Komissarov V. N. (ed.). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia Publ., 1978. P. 69–91. (In Russian)
Латышев 1988 — Latyshev L. K. Perevod: problemy teorii, praktiki i metodiki prepodavaniia. [Translation: problems of theory, practice and didactics: a handbook for teachers of schools with advanced study of German]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie Publ., 1988. 160 p. (In Russian)
Минский 1979 — Minsky M. Freimy dlia predstavleniia znanii. [Framework for representing knowledge]. Grinbaum O. (transl.). Moscow: Energiia Publ., 1979. 152 p. (In Russian)
Миньяр-Белоручев 1980 — Min'iar-Beloruchev R. K. Obshchaia teoriia perevoda i ustnyi perevod. [General theory of translation and oral translation]. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1980. 237 p. (In Russian)
Миньяр-Белоручев 1986 — Min'iar-Beloruchev R. K. O funktsiiakh perevodchika. [On the functions of translator]. In.: Informatsionno-kommunikativnye aspekty perevoda. Gorky: Gorky State Pedagogical Institute Press, 1986. P. 56–61. (In Russian)
Миньяр-Белоручев 1999 — Min'iar-Beloruchev R. K. Kak stat' perevodchikom? [How to become a translator?]. Moscow: Gotika Publ., 1999. 176 p. (In Russian)
Поршнева 2002 — Porshneva E. R. Bazovaia lingvisticheskaia podgotovka perevodchika. [Basic linguistic training of translators: a monograph]. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State University Press, 2002. 148 p. (In Russian)
Сдобников, Петрова 2006 — Sdobnikov V. V., Petrova O. V. Teoriia perevoda. [Theory of translation]. Moscow: AST; Vostok–Zapad Publ., 2006. 448 p. (In Russian)
Фейгенберг 1977 — Feigenberg I. M. Veroiatnostnoe prognozirovanie v deiatel'nosti cheloveka. [Probabilistic forecasting in human activity]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1977. 391 p. (In Russian)
Черничкина 2007 — Chernichkina E. K. Iskusstvennyi bilingvizm: lingvisticheskii status i kharakteristiki. [Artificial bilingualism: linguistic status and characteristics]. Synopsis of the PhD thesis (Philology). Volgograd State Pedagogical University. Volgograd, 2007. 31 p. (In Russian)
Aitchison 1987 — Aitchison J. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Oxford: Blackwell. 1987. 326 p.
Bassnett, Lefevre 1990 — Bassnett S., Lefevre А. Translation, History and Culture. London: Printer Publishers, 1990. 169 p.
Barkley 2011 — Barkley R. A. The important role of executive functioning and self-regulation in ADHD. Child Neuropsychology. 2011, 113: 41–56.
Bialystok, Craik 2010 — Bialystok E., Craik F. I. M. Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilingual Mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010, 19 (1): 19–23.
Burteisen 2002 — Burteisen J. On trilingual lexical retrieval: problems and substitution strategies. In: Second International Conference on Third Language Acquisition and Trilingualism. Interactive CD-ROM: L3 Conference, Fryske Akademy, Niederlande, 2002.
Buzan 1993 — Buzan T. The mind map book. New York, NY: Penguin Books Ltd, 1993. 320 p.
Chein, Schneider 2012 — Chein J. M., Schneider W. Brain’s learning and control architecture. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (2): 78–84.
De Groot 2002 — De Groot A. Lexical representation and lexical processing in the L2 user. In: Portraits of the L2 user. Cook V. (ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual matters, 2002. P. 29–64.
Dreisbach, Haider 2009 — Dreisbach G., Haider H. How task representations guide attention: Further evidence for the shielding function of task sets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2009, 35: 477–486.
Dreisbach 2012 — Dreisbach G. Mechanisms of cognitive control: the functional role of task rules. Psychological Science. 2012, 21: 227–231.
Gómez Betancur, King 2014 — Gómez Betancur M. I., King G. Using mind mapping as a method to help ESL/EFL students to connect vocabulary and concepts in different contexts. TRILOGÍA. Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad. 2014, 10: 69–85.
Green 1998 — Green D. W. Mental control of the bilingual lexicosemantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 1998, 1: 67–81.
Hewson, Martin 1991 — Hewson L., Martin J. Redefining translation: the variational approach. London: Routledge, 1991. 263 p.
House 1997 — House J. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Re-visited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997. 207 p.
Jackson, Swainson, Cunnington, Jackson 2001 — Jackson G. M., Swainson R., Cunnington R., Jackson S. R. ERP correlates of executive control during repeated language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 2001, 4: 169–178.
Krashen 1982 — Krashen S. D. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982. 202 p.
Kroll, Tokowicz 2001 — Kroll J. F., Tokowicz N. The development of conceptual representation for words in a second language. In: One mind, two languages: bilingual language processing. Nicol J. (ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001. P. 49–71.
Kroll, Bobb, Misra, Gou 2008 — Kroll J., Bobb S., Misra M., Gou T. Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica. 2008, 128 (3): 416–430.
Lederer 2003 — Lederer M. Translation. The Interpretive Model. Manchester: St Jerome, 2003. 239 p.
Levelt 1993 — Levelt W. J. M. Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. In: Lexical access in speech production. Levelt W. J. M. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. P. 1–22.
Lipski 1978 — Lipski J. Bilingual code-switching and internal competence: the evidence from Spanish and English. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of applied Linguistics. University of Montreal, 1978. P. 30–40.
Munakata, Snyder, Chatham 2012 — Munakata Y., Snyder H. R., Chatham C. H. Developing Cognitive Control: Three Key Transitions. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (2): 71–77.
PACTE 2003 — PACTE Building a Translation Competence Model. In: Triangulating translation: Perspectives in Process Oriented Research. Alves F. (ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. P. 43–66.
Proverbio, Leoni, Zani 2004 — Proverbio A. M., Leoni G., Zani А. Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia. 2004, 42: 1636–1656.
Pym 2003 — Pym A. Redefining translation competence in an electronic age. In defence of a minimalist approach. Meta: Translators’ Journal. 2003, XLVII (4): 481–497.
Riehl 2005 — Riehl C. M. Code-switching in bilinguals: impacts of mental processes and language awareness. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2005. P. 1945–1959.
Rodriguez-Fornells, Rotte, Heinze et al. 2002 — Rodriguez-Fornells A., Rotte M., Heinze H. J., Nösselt T., Münte T. F. Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain. Nature. 2002, 415: 1026–1029.
Stavans, Hoffmann 2015 — Stavans A., Hoffmann C. Multilingualism. Cambridge University Press, 2015. 319 p.
Taft 1982 — Taft R. The Role and Personality of the Mediator. In: The Mediating Person: Bridges between Cultures. Bochner S. (ed.). Cambridge: Schenkman, 1981. P. 53–88.
Van Hell, Witteman 2009 — Van Hell J. G., Witteman M. J. The neurocognition of switching between languages: A review of electrophysiological studies. In: Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching. Isurin L., Winford D., de Bot K. (eds.). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2009. P. 53–84.
Verhoef, Roelofs, Chwilla 2009 — Verhoef K., Roelofs А., Chwilla D. Role of inhibition in language switching: evidence from event-related brain potentials in overt picture naming. Cognition. 2009, 110: 84–99.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
